Test, Experimental, and Scale Help

LSAT vs. Future Salary: The Importance of Test Preparation

LSAT Questions and Answers

When to Take the LSAT

Accommodated Testing

Test Day Preparations

The Experimental Section Explained

The LSAT Scoring Scale Explained

Historical Range of Correct Answers for Targeted Scores

Comprehensive Law Services LSAT Publication Identifier List

The LSAT Scoring Scale Explained

Just what you've been waiting for: a detailed explanation of the LSAT scoring scale. Well, what you don't know can hurt you, so we'll try to make this as painless as possible. Each administered LSAT contains approximately 101 questions, and each LSAT score is based on the total number of questions a test taker correctly answers, a total commonly known as the raw score. After arriving at the raw score, a unique Score Conversion Chart is used for each LSAT to convert the raw score into a scaled LSAT score. Since June 1991, the LSAT has utilized a 120 to 180 scoring scale, with 120 being the lowest possible score and 180 being the highest possible score.

Although the number of questions per test has remained relatively constant over the last eight years, the logical difficulty of each test has varied. This is not surprising since the test is made by humans and there is no precise way to completely predetermine logical difficulty. To account for these variances in test "toughness," the test makers adjust the Scoring Conversion Chart for each LSAT in order to make similar LSAT scores from different tests mean the same thing. For example, the LSAT given in June may be logically more difficult than the LSAT given in December, but by making the June LSAT scale "looser" than the December scale, a 160 on each test would represent the same level of performance. This scale adjustment, known as equating, is extremely important to law school admissions offices around the country. Imagine the difficulties that would be posed by unequated tests: admissions officers would have to not only examine individual LSAT scores, but also take into account which LSAT each score came from. This would present an information nightmare.

The equating process can produce some startling differences between the Scoring Conversion Charts for different LSATs. Compare selected scores from the charts for the following two tests:

June 2002 LSAT			October 1997 LSAT
Scaled Score	Lowest Raw Score		Scaled Score	Lowest Raw Score
180 175 170 165 160 155 150 145 140 135 130 125	100 (-1) 96 (-5) 91 (-10) 84 (-17) 76 (-25) 67 (-34) 57 (-44) 48 (-53) 40 (-61) 32 (-69) 25 (-76) -*		180 175 170 165 160 155 150 145 140 135 130 125	96 (-4) 90 (-10) 84 (-16) 78 (-22) 71 (-29) 63 (-37) 55 (-45) 48 (-52) 40 (-60) 33 (-67) 26 (-74) 21 (-79)

*There is no raw score that will produce this scaled score for this test form.

The June 2002 LSAT contained 101 questions whereas the October 1997 LSAT contained 100 questions (the test originally included 101 questions, but one question that did not conform to LSAT quality standards was removed). The "Lowest Raw Score" column indicates the minimum number of correct questions necessary to produce the corresponding scaled score. The number in parentheses is the corresponding number of missed answers which produces the score in question.

The difference between the conversion charts presented here is most telling at the higher scaled scores. For example, in order to achieve a 170 on the June 2002 LSAT, the test taker was required to correctly answer 91 of the 101 questions. On the other hand, a test taker attempting to achieve the same 170 on the October 1997 LSAT needed to correctly answer only 84 of 100 questions. This difference in tests is supposedly the result of differences in the overall logical difficulty of each exam. Of further interest is the fact that as each scale approaches 150 and below, they become roughly the same. Implicit in this middle- and lower-score similarity is that these tests only differed at the upper levels of logical difficulty-that is, the level of difficulty of the hardest questions. The easy and mid-level difficulty questions on each test were apparently about the same, whereas the October 1997 LSAT apparently had more truly difficult questions or the questions themselves were inherently harder. Of course, it must be noted that differences in test difficulty and the order of questions produces a physical and psychological effect on test takers that cannot be measured without complete test statistics (Law Services does not release the exact statistical breakdown of student performance on each individual question).

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While examining the LSAT scale it is important not to lose sight of what the scores actually represent. The 120 to 180 test scale contains 61 different possible scores. Each score places a student in a certain relative position compared to other test takers. These relative positions are represented through a percentile that correlates to each score. The percentile indicates where the test taker falls in the overall pool of test takers. For example, a score of 160 represents the 83rd percentile, meaning a student with a score of 160 scored better than 83 percent of the people who have taken the test in the last three years. The percentile is critical since it is a true indicator of your positioning relative to other test takers, and thus law school applicants. Consider the following table:

2001-2002 LSAT Percentile Table (June 1998 - February 2001)
180 179 178 177 176 175 174 173 172 171 170 169 168 167 166 165 164 163 162 161 160 159 158 157 156 155 154 153 152 151 150 149 148 147 146 145 144 143 142 141 140 139 138 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120		99.98 % 99.96 % 99.91 % 99.86 % 99.78 % 99.67 % 99.53 % 99.32 % 99.07 % 98.69 % 98.21 % 97.55 % 97.03 % 95.92 % 94.84 % 93.49 % 91.91 % 90.00 % 88.18 % 85.74 % 83.07 % 80.60 % 77.43 % 74.18 % 70.74 % 67.14 % 63.25 % 59.29 % 55.22 % 51.49 % 47.26 % 43.20 % 39.33 % 35.60 % 32.17 % 28.40 % 25.46 % 22.19 % 19.59 % 16.92 % 14.56 % 12.44 % 10.63 % 9.01 % 7.54 % 6.29 % 5.39 % 4.25 % 3.49 % 2.93 % 2.38 % 1.82 % 1.48 % 1.19 % 0.93 % 0.77 % 0.60 % 0.47 % 0.37 % 0.34 % 0.00 %

The percentile for each score is calculated by using test data from the last three years, not from any individual LSAT (note that the percentile table above is for 2001-2002, yet it only includes LSAT information up to the February 2001 LSAT). Using the three-year pool of information provides Law Services with a stable and accurate percentile for each score. Otherwise percentiles could vary significantly from test to test as different groups of test takers performed better or worse. Historical analysis shows that percentiles do change from year to year, but only by minute amounts. Since percentiles are not calculated on a per test basis, each test taker does not compete against the other students taking the same LSAT. Instead, each test taker competes against the students from the three previous years. In fact, because of question pre-testing through the use of experimental sections, the conversion chart for each LSAT is supposedly set before the test is administered. Only minor adjustments are then made to normalize the test.

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The normalization yields a rough bell curve. The number of test takers in the 120s and 170s is very low, and most test takers are bunched in the middle, comprising the "top" of the bell. In fact, approximately 40% of all test takers score between 145 and 155 inclusive, and about 70% of all test takers score between 140 and 160 inclusive. These facts provide some explanation for the Score Conversion Charts examined earlier. For example, on most tests, to move from 170 to 171 requires getting just one additional question correct, whereas to move from 150 to 151 requires getting at least two and possibly three more questions correct. But this is justified since moving from 170 to 171 only moves the test taker up 0.48 percentile points (less than one-half of one percent), whereas moving from 150 to 151 moves the test taker up 4.23 percentile points. This extreme difference in percentile movement makes sense since there are obviously more test takers in the 150-151 range than there are in the 170-171 range. The percentile for 170 is also interesting because it indicates the true difficulty of the LSAT in general. Consider the October 1997 LSAT again. To achieve a score of 170 requires a test taker to correctly answer only 84 out of 100 questions. At most colleges 84 out of 100 would probably yield a B- grade. Yet a 170 on the LSAT represents 98th percentile, putting you into the top 2% of all examinees, which would generally conform to a high A or even an A+ on most college grading scales.

Finally, beginning with the June 1997 LSAT, each Law Services report now includes a "score band" of roughly plus-three and minus-three points with each LSAT score. For example, a test taker with the score of 160 would receive a score band of 157 to 163. The intent of score banding is to shift attention away from the exact numbers and instead focus on the general range a test taker falls into. Since the standard error of measurement for the LSAT is approximately 2.7 points, the use of score bands is an attempt to more fairly represent the performance of LSAT examinees.

Ultimately, this discussion of the LSAT scale does not change the inherent and obvious truth of the test: to score well you must answer questions correctly. However, understanding how LSAT conversion charts differ is important for assessing your score in the week after the test-that crucial period when you have the option to cancel. And understanding the LSAT percentile table allows you to more accurately assess your true position in the LSAT pool, and thus to some degree your position in the law school applicant pool. To learn more about the LSAT scoring scale, visit one of the LSAC-member law schools where summaries of LSAT validity and other research can be found in the library, or contact us for more information.

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